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常识“开方术”是什么意思,起源、典故、生平简介及释义-历史文化

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词汇 开方术
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释义 开方术古代算学术语。(1)求一正数的平方根的算法。《九章算术》最先提出这一算法的完整程序,是世界上最早的多位数开平方法。《九章算术》对被开方数是无理数的视为“不可开”,提出“以面命之”。又对分数开方区分分母是完全平方数与非完全平方数提出不同的处理意见,对前者,对后者,。后人对开方不尽数提出以为近似值。刘徽则提出继续开方求其微数,以十进分数逼近无理根的方法。北宋贾宪又提出增乘开方法,程序较《九章算术》简便。(2)古代指现今求一元方程正根的方法。解二次方程称为开带从方,《九章算术》已有,南朝祖冲之开差立、开差幂,兼以正负参之,可能是带负系数的二次、三次方程,后失传。王孝通引入若干正系数三次、四次方程,北宋刘益重新引入负系数二次方程,提出益积开方术和减从开方术。南宋秦九韶提出正负开方术,是以增乘开方法为主导,求有理系数高次方程正根的完备方法。清李锐提出方程有负根、重根的问题。
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